A recent experimental study showed for the first time that pulmonary exposure to the Particulate Matter (PM) within diesel exhaust enhances atherogenesis. The human blood vessel endothelium is a sensitive target for air pollutants. The interactions of the inflammation and coagulation systerms are of the main mechanisms involved in impairment of endothelial function and eventually cardiovascular diseases. The effect of air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors has been demonstrated not only in older adults, but also in young adults as well as in children and adolescents. The inflammation process stimulates the coagulation system and result in increased secrection of Tissue Factor (TF). Endothelial function has key roles in anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant decrease in endogenous anticoagulation activity, Thrombo Modulin (TM), endothelial protein C receptor antigen and culture of endothelial cells during the inflammation process. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of air pollution on the inflammation and the coagulation systems may have a role in endothelial dysfunction and in turn in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Findings of experimental studies suggest that exposure to air pollution may result in increase in TF and decrease in TM. Atherogenesis starts from the fetal life through interrelations of traditional risk factors with inflammatory, immune and endothelial biomarkers. Air pollution has various harmful effects on this process from early life. Studying the effects of environmental factors on early stages of atherosclerosis in early life can help identify the underlying mechanisms.

The primary cause of cardiovascular disease due to factors discussed in paragraph is

A recent experimental study showed for the first time that pulmonary exposure to the Particulate Matter (PM) within diesel exhaust enhances atherogenesis. The human blood vessel endothelium is a sensitive target for air pollutants. The interactions of the inflammation and coagulation systerms are of the main mechanisms involved in impairment of endothelial function and eventually cardiovascular diseases. The effect of air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors has been demonstrated not only in older adults, but also in young adults as well as in children and adolescents. The inflammation process stimulates the coagulation system and result in increased secrection of Tissue Factor (TF). Endothelial function has key roles in anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant decrease in endogenous anticoagulation activity, Thrombo Modulin (TM), endothelial protein C receptor antigen and culture of endothelial cells during the inflammation process. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of air pollution on the inflammation and the coagulation systems may have a role in endothelial dysfunction and in turn in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Findings of experimental studies suggest that exposure to air pollution may result in increase in TF and decrease in TM. Atherogenesis starts from the fetal life through interrelations of traditional risk factors with inflammatory, immune and endothelial biomarkers. Air pollution has various harmful effects on this process from early life. Studying the effects of environmental factors on early stages of atherosclerosis in early life can help identify the underlying mechanisms.

Which of the following is true?

i) Exposure to air pollution may result in increase in TF and decrease in TM

ii) Effect of air pollution is severe on humans and occurs after adolescence

iii) Endothelial cells are sensitive target for air pollutants

A recent experimental study showed for the first time that pulmonary exposure to the Particulate Matter (PM) within diesel exhaust enhances atherogenesis. The human blood vessel endothelium is a sensitive target for air pollutants. The interactions of the inflammation and coagulation systerms are of the main mechanisms involved in impairment of endothelial function and eventually cardiovascular diseases. The effect of air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors has been demonstrated not only in older adults, but also in young adults as well as in children and adolescents. The inflammation process stimulates the coagulation system and result in increased secrection of Tissue Factor (TF). Endothelial function has key roles in anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant decrease in endogenous anticoagulation activity, Thrombo Modulin (TM), endothelial protein C receptor antigen and culture of endothelial cells during the inflammation process. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of air pollution on the inflammation and the coagulation systems may have a role in endothelial dysfunction and in turn in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Findings of experimental studies suggest that exposure to air pollution may result in increase in TF and decrease in TM. Atherogenesis starts from the fetal life through interrelations of traditional risk factors with inflammatory, immune and endothelial biomarkers. Air pollution has various harmful effects on this process from early life. Studying the effects of environmental factors on early stages of atherosclerosis in early life can help identify the underlying mechanisms.

Which is the central syndrome talked about in the paragraph?

A recent experimental study showed for the first time that pulmonary exposure to the Particulate Matter (PM) within diesel exhaust enhances atherogenesis. The human blood vessel endothelium is a sensitive target for air pollutants. The interactions of the inflammation and coagulation systerms are of the main mechanisms involved in impairment of endothelial function and eventually cardiovascular diseases. The effect of air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk factors has been demonstrated not only in older adults, but also in young adults as well as in children and adolescents. The inflammation process stimulates the coagulation system and result in increased secrection of Tissue Factor (TF). Endothelial function has key roles in anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant decrease in endogenous anticoagulation activity, Thrombo Modulin (TM), endothelial protein C receptor antigen and culture of endothelial cells during the inflammation process. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of air pollution on the inflammation and the coagulation systems may have a role in endothelial dysfunction and in turn in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Findings of experimental studies suggest that exposure to air pollution may result in increase in TF and decrease in TM. Atherogenesis starts from the fetal life through interrelations of traditional risk factors with inflammatory, immune and endothelial biomarkers. Air pollution has various harmful effects on this process from early life. Studying the effects of environmental factors on early stages of atherosclerosis in early life can help identify the underlying mechanisms.

Choose the option for the human system mechanisms whose interactions eventually result into cardiovascular diseases due to air pollution?

Six members of a family A, B, C, D, E and F are Psychologist, Manager, Advocate, Jeweller, Doctor and Engineer but not necessarily in same order.

• Doctor is the grandfather of F, who is Psychologist. Manager D is married to A.
• Jeweller C is married to Advocate.
• B is the mother of F and E.
• There are two married couples in the family.

How many male members are there in the family?